Knowled management

Knowledge Management

What is the management?   

   

      Knowledge Management is the collection of processes that govern the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge. In one form or another, knowledge management has been around for a very long time. Practitioners have included philosophers, priests, teachers, politicians, scribes, Liberians, etc.

What is information system?

    

      The main components of information systems are

5 COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:

1. IT i.e. hardware and software

2. Data/Information

3. Procedures/Policies

4. People

5. Purpose

6. Communication Networks

Why do you need  apply the knowledge management process in our business?  

  

      Many organizations are now in the throes of implementing knowledge management strategies. However, like many other ground-breaking initiatives, success is often elusive. This workshop is primarily aimed at knowledge managers and knowledge management teams, taking them step by step through the key stages of the implementation of knowledge-based strategies. It is also beneficial for any senior manager, especially R&D, marketing, and business development manager, who wants to use better knowledge management as a key to improved business performance.

source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management

           : http://www.km-forum.org/what_is.htm
           : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system
           : http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_major_components_of_an_information_system
           : http://www.skyrme.com/services/kmpract.htm

computer hardware and software, databases,  An information system  is any combination of information technology and people's activities using that technology to support operations, management, and decision-making.^] In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, algorithmic processes, data and technology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology  an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes

What are the component of information system?    Management in all business areas and organizational activities are the acts of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.

What is Knowledge management?

Activities at Sarawittaya School

Please indebtify the difference between the library resources for school students and university students?

        content of the library materail what all contents for school student is base on need of subject but the library in university is more content that the university library .

Please indentify reading activities for school and university? sha ll it be the same or difference?

        some I was the school student before continue to university student so all retivities for is sanething.

What do you like most about the school library ?

        - Enviroment nice dicoration nice  space
        - Equipment internet service mini movie
        - Book have many kind of book

What do you suggest for improvement ?

          Everything in the library is perfect no need to improve.

Copyright

What is copyright?

         Copyright protects the physical expression of ideas. As soon as an idea is given physical form, e.g. a piece of writing, a photograph, music, a film, a web page, it is protected by copyright. There is no need for registration or to claim copyright in some way, protection is automatic at the point of creation. Both published and unpublished works are protected by copyright.
Copyright is normally owned by the creator(s) of the work, e.g. an author, composer, artist, photographer etc. If the work is created in the course of a person's employment, then the copyright holder is usually the employer.
Copyright is a property right and can be sold or transferred to others. Authors of articles in academic journals, for example, frequently transfer the copyright in those articles to the journal's publisher. It is important not to confuse ownership of a work with ownership of the copyright in it: a person may have acquired an original copyright work, e.g. a painting, letter or photograph, but unless the copyright in it has expressly also been transferred, it will remain with the creator.
Copyright is regulated by law, the main statute in the UK being the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA). This was amended in October 2003 by the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 which incorporated into UK law the changes required by the EU Copyright Directive.

source

Fair use
           A limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work, is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, non-licensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test. The term fair use originated in the United States. A similar principle, fair dealing, exists in some other common law jurisdictions. Civil law jurisdictions have other limitations and exceptions to copyright.

source

PATENT
          A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention.
The procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new, non-obvious, and useful or industrially applicable. In many countries, certain subject areas are excluded from patents, such as business methods and mental acts. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented invention without permission.
Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any inventions, in all fields of technology,and the term of protection available should be the minimum twenty years.Different types of patents may have varying patent terms (i.e., durations).

source
Why some invention can not be copyright

      Because some Information everyone can use
Example

- NAME : It's not a copyright because in one name can use in many people.

RUBRIC EVALUATION

ELEMENT	Exemplary   3	Proficient 2	Partially Proficient 1	Unsatisfactory 0	POINTS
Content	Provides a fresh and balanced perspective on the topic.	Provides original ideas with a minimum of personal bias.	Provides one or two original ideas which include some personal bias.	Does not provide any original ideas and personal bias is obvious.	____/3
	Provides comprehensive insight, understanding, and reflective thought about the topic.	Provides a moderate amount of insight, understanding, and reflective thought about the topic.	Provides only minimal understanding, or reflective thought about the topic.	Provides no understanding or reflective thought about the topic.	____/3
	Explains all ideas clearly and concisely in a logical progression with effective supporting evidence.	Explains most ideas clearly and concisely with supporting evidence.	Incompletely explains ideas and does not effectively use supporting evidence.	Fails to explain ideas clearly, and does not use any supporting evidence.	____/3
	Presents all information in a style that is appealing and appropriate for the intended audience.	Presents information in a style that is generally appropriate for the intended audience.	Presents information in a style that is often inappropriate for the intended audience.	Presents information in a disjointed, unpolished style which is inappropriate for the intended audience.	____/3
Organization	Uses a consistent organizational structure that includes grouping related information, defines specialized vocabulary and/or provides a table of contents.	Uses an organizational structure which groups some but not all, related information, defines specialized vocabulary and/or provides a table of contents.	Uses a loosely defined organizational structure which attempts to group similar items.	Fails to provide a consistent organizational structure, and information is difficult to locate.	____/3
Text Layout	Makes frequent and effective use of headings, fonts, bullet points and white space to enhance the content’s visual appeal and increase readability.	Makes occasional use of headings, fonts, bullet points and white space to enhance the content’s visual appeal and increase readability.	Makes minimal use of headings, fonts, bullet points and white space to enhance visual appeal and readability.	Makes no use of headings, fonts, bullet points or white space to enhance visual appeal and readability.	____/3
Hyperlinks	Includes links to websites or documents that enhance the information presented.	Includes links to websites or documents, but not all links enhance the information presented.	Includes links to websites or documents which add little value to the information presented.	Does not include any links, or the links selected are of poor quality and do not add any value to the information presented.	____/3
	Connects to relevant, up-to-date resources.	Connects to resources which are usually relevant and up-to-date.	Connects to many outdated resources which appear to have only a minimal connection to the topic.	Connects to outdated resources which have no connection to the topic.	____/3
Graphics and Multimedia	Selects high quality graphics and multimedia when appropriate to enhance and clarify the content.	Selects graphics and multimedia which are mostly high quality and enhance and clarify the content.	Selects many low-quality graphics and multimedia which do not enhance the content.	Selects no graphics, or uses only low-quality graphics and multimedia which do not enhance the content.	____/3
	Acknowledges all image and multimedia sources with captions or annotations.	Acknowledges most image and multimedia sources with captions or annotations.	Acknowledges only a few multimedia and image sources and uses incomplete captions or annotations.	Fails to acknowledge any image or multimedia sources, either with a caption or an annotation.	____/3
Citation	Consistently uses standard bibliographic format to cite sources.	Uses standard bibliographic format to cite sources most of the time.	Does not use standard bibliographic format to cite sources, and citations are incomplete.	Does not cite any sources.	____/3
	Accurately cites all sources of information to support the credibility and authority of the information presented.	Most sources are cited accurately, and support the credibility of the information presented.	Few sources are cited accurately, and they fail to adequately support the credibility of the information presented.	Does not provide any accurate information about sources used.	____/3
Group/Partner Collaboration	Contributes equally with other group members in researching, writing, and editing.	Assists group members with most of the researching, writing and editing.	Provides minimal assistance to group members in researching, writing and editing, and does not follow through with all tasks.	Provides no assistance to group members in any of the researching, writing and editing and does not follow through with any of the tasks.	____/3
	Meets all goals and deadlines.	Usually meets goals and deadlines.	Occasionally meets goals and deadlines.	Does not meet goals and deadlines.	____/3
	Exhibits appropriate wiki etiquette when editing and respects the work of others.	Exhibits appropriate wiki etiquette most of the time and generally respects the work of others.	Exhibits a minimal knowledge of wiki etiquette and often fails to respect the work of others.	Exhibits no knowledge of wiki etiquette and fails to respect the work of others.	____/3
Writing Mechanics	Edits the text with no errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.	Edits the text with minor additional editing required for grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.	Edits the text, but errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation and spelling distract or impair readability. (3 or more errors)	Edits the text but numerous errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling repeatedly distract the reader and major revision is required. (more than 5 errors)	____/3
TOTAL POINTS					___/48

SOURCE

How Do Web Search Engines Work

Search engines are the key to finding specific information on the vast expanse of the World Wide Web. Without sophisticated search engines, it would be virtually impossible to locate anything on the Web without knowing a specific URL. But do you know how search engines work? And do you know what makes some search engines more effective than others? When people use the term search engine in relation to the Web, they are usually referring to the actual search forms that searches through databases of HTML documents, initially gathered by a robot. There are basically three types of search engines: Those that are powered by robots (called crawlers; ants or spiders) and those that are powered by human submissions; and those that are a hybrid of the two. Sponsored Opportunity vs. Risk :  Discover the opportunities and risks involved with virtualization, from both security and service perspectives. Read more. Crawler-based search engines are those that use automated software agents (called crawlers) that visit a Web site, read the information on the actual site, read the site's meta tags and also follow the links that the site connects to performing indexing on all linked Web sites as well. The crawler returns all that information back to a central depository, where the data is indexed. The crawler will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that has changed. The frequency with which this happens is determined by the administrators of the search engine. Human-powered search engines rely on humans to submit information that is subsequently indexed and catalogued. Only information that is submitted is put into the index.

In both cases, when you query a search engine to locate information, you're actually searching through the index that the search engine has created —you are not actually searching the Web. These indices are giant databases of information that is collected and stored and subsequently searched. This explains why sometimes a search on a commercial search engine, such as Yahoo! or Google, will return results that are, in fact, dead links. Since the search results are based on the index, if the index hasn't been updated since a Web page became invalid the search engine treats the page as still an active link even though it no longer is. It will remain that way until the index is updated.

So why will the same search on different search engines produce different results? Part of the answer to that question is because not all indices are going to be exactly the same. It depends on what the spiders find or what the humans submitted. But more important, not every search engine uses the same algorithm to search through the indices. The algorithm is what the search engines use to determine the relevance of the information in the index to what the user is searching for.

One of the elements that a search engine algorithm scans for is the frequency and location of keywords on a Web page. Those with higher frequency are typically considered more relevant. But search engine technology is becoming sophisticated in its attempt to discourage what is known as keyword stuffing, or spamdexing.

Another common element that algorithms analyze is the way that pages link to other pages in the Web. By analyzing how pages link to each other, an engine can both determine what a page is about (if the keywords of the linked pages are similar to the keywords on the original page) and whether that page is considered "important" and deserving of a boost in ranking. Just as the technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated to ignore keyword stuffing, it is also becoming more savvy to Web masters who build artificial links into their sites in order to build an artificial ranking.

Did You Know... The first tool for searching the Internet, created in 1990, was called "Archie". It downloaded directory listings of all files located on public anonymous FTP servers; creating a searchable database of filenames. A year later "Gopher" was created. It indexed plain text documents. "Veronica" and "Jughead" came along to search Gopher's index systems. The first actual Web search engine was developed by Matthew Gray in 1993 and was called "Wandex". [Source ]

Webopedia: Internet and Online Services > Internet > World Wide Web > Search Engines

Key Terms To Understanding Web Search Engines spider trap A condition of dynamic Web sites in which a search engine’s spider becomes trapped in an endless loop of code. search engine A program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. meta tag A special HTML tag that provides information about a Web page. deep link A hyperlink either on a Web page or in the results of a search engine query to a page on a Web site other than the site’s home page. robot A program that runs automatically without human intervention.

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 source

Report: Plastic Surgery

Plastic Surgery in Today’s world

Prof. Dr. Namthip

By Wichaipon V.&Thanakrit Y.

       2

In this report you will find information about

Why people get plastic surgery and also basics information about how plastic surgery is performed and the side effect of doing plastic surgery. We’ve gather information from many sources, but mostly from the internet, online journal, magazine and website to put together this report. The most popular plastic surgery in today’s world is cosmetic plastic surgery for women that are willing to spend a large amount of money to improve their appearance.

Table of Content

Executive Summary- page 2

Introduction- page 4

Discussion- page 5

Conclusions- page 6

Recommendation- page 7

References- page 8

4

Cosmetic surgery is very common these day, it is no longer only accessible to rich and famous. Any person in the world have afford to have the procedure they want done, most people think cosmetic surgery is unsafe but it is only safe unless your surgeon is not qualified. The most popular reason people do plastic surgery is because they want to improve their appearance to the eyes of others. Because now a day there are many professional plastic surgeons that performed safe cosmetic surgery for their patients so it is becoming a part of the today’s new world.

5

Here are the 5 top reasons why most people get cosmetic surgery.

1)      Health Reasons- Some people may have gone through rough times caused by sickness or massive weight loss, to it’s only natural for people to correct the damage caused by their illness. People may want to fix a problem that maybe causing health issues and surgery is the only option available, some people may need it to survive

2)      Accidents- another reason people get cosmetic surgery is because they have been in a accident. Minor car crashes, sports, work accident anything you can think of. Because of accidents people can become severely deformed and cosmetic/plastic surgery is the only option to help fix peoples injuries.

3)      Self Esteem- some people choose to get cosmetic surgery to boost their self esteem. They need a boost and they think cosmetic surgery will give them that. In my opinion it does, people extremely grateful to see the new changes to there bodies that they have always wanted.

4)      Re constructive surgery- Reconstructive procedures correct deformities on the face or body. These include physical birth defects like cleft lips and palates and ear deformities, traumatic injuries like those from dog bites and burns, or the aftermath of disease treatments like rebuilding a females breast  after they have undergone surgery for breast cancer.

5)      Vanity some people say vanity is the reason why people get cosmetic surgery, in come cases it is the case. Botox, face lifts, breast augmentation can all be considered vanity procedures.

6

           In conclusion from our point of view whether plastic surgery or not everyone should have self confident and self esteem in what god gave them and also people should not look at each other from only appearances, but should focus on more of what is inside that person ,but if they really insist that they want to perform a plastic surgery operations they should really look into it and find out about the side effects and know what they are getting their self into so they do not regret it after everything is already done and can not be solve again.

                                                                                                7

Recommendations

1)Http://kidshealth.org/teenteen/your_mind/body_image/plastic_surgery.html

2)Http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_do_people_have_plastic_surgery

3)Http://www.ehow.com/facts_4842908_side-effects-plastic-surgery.html

4)www.ehow.com/about_4827336_complications-side-effects-cosmetic-surgery.html

5)www.miamibeach411.com/cosmetic/pro_rhinoplasty.html

8

References

1)Books- How to win in youth game: The magic of plastic surgery by Kurt Wagner.

Englewood cliffs: Prentice_Hall, 1972

Call#: Rd 119 w33h 1972

2) Website: Http://ezinearticles.com/?5reasons-why-people-get-cosmetic-Surgery&id=1077693.

3)Newspaper article: Ban Mueng Newspaper: www.siliconeclub.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=511:2010-02-12-00-08-25&catid=57

4) Magazine- www.daradaily.com

online catalog and databases

1. can you identify the library website,opac,library database?
ans In spu library website. They provide many menu to support all member can select to use for doing your work. such as for researchers or for all students, and  SPU library website they have menu about researchers,database online,knowledge & library and also you can find book by key word in OPAC
when you working on opac you can search a book , new book, book by subject, journal/article or av search by you just put the key word, title, author,subject or series of book. and in library database in spu website they provide many information that you need to find with that information they provide for example spu e-book,thesis/dissertation by using proquest or about information for business,science and academic.
2. list 5 PDF files of articles search from google.
ans 2.1 http://www.agilent.com/cm/wireless/pdf/3G-Seminar2001_02.pdf
            Third generation basics
      2.2 http://www.fbi.gov/publications/school/school2.pdf
            The school shooter
      2.3 http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/autos/aut03.pdf
            Buying a use car
      2.4 http://www.middleschoolscience.com/flower.pdf
            Flower Dissection
      2.5 http://www.servesecurityreport.org/paper.pdf
            Servesecurity ( SERVE )
3. what is an abstract
ans   An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline; an abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.

4. what is a full-text article

ans In computerized databases, the complete article rather than just a citation or abstract. In LIAS databases, move from the record screen to the full text of an article by entering the command DIT. A full-text article in LIAS can be printed, sent to your email address, or saved to disk.

5. what is your search technique (s) when you're doing your home work or assignment

ans my technique when i need to search information i need to know topic first. then you can find information by google or spu library but you make sure you get right information . and when you find information you can put select by  using key word or the title of your topic.

1)The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009


Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. YonathThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009Summary

Prize Announcement

Press Release

Scientific Background

Popular Information

Illustrated Information

Speed Read

Nobel Prize Award CeremonyAward Ceremony VideoAward Ceremony SpeechBanquet Video

Venkatraman RamakrishnanBiographicalNobel LectureInterviewDocumentaryNobel DiplomaPhoto GalleryPrize PresentationOther Resources

Thomas A. SteitzBiographicalNobel LectureInterviewDocumentaryNobel DiplomaPhoto GalleryPrize PresentationOther Resources

Ada E. YonathBiographicalNobel LectureBanquet SpeechInterviewDocumentaryNobel DiplomaPhoto GalleryPrize PresentationOther Resources

English

Swedish

Hebrew

(pdf)









Press Release

7 October 2009



The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009 jointly to



Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom



Thomas A. Steitz

Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA



Ada E. Yonath

Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel



"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"







The ribosome translates the DNA code into life





The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009 awards studies of one of life's core processes: the ribosome's translation of DNA information into life. Ribosomes produce proteins, which in turn control the chemistry in all living organisms. As ribosomes are crucial to life, they are also a major target for new antibiotics.





This year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for having showed what the ribosome looks like and how it functions at the atomic level. All three have used a method called X-ray crystallography to map the position for each and every one of the hundreds of thousands of atoms that make up the ribosome.



Inside every cell in all organisms, there are DNA molecules. They contain the blueprints for how a human being, a plant or a bacterium, looks and functions. But the DNA molecule is passive. If there was nothing else, there would be no life.



The blueprints become transformed into living matter through the work of ribosomes. Based upon the information in DNA, ribosomes make proteins: oxygen-transporting haemoglobin, antibodies of the immune system, hormones such as insulin, the collagen of the skin, or enzymes that break down sugar. There are tens of thousands of proteins in the body and they all have different forms and functions. They build and control life at the chemical level.



An understanding of the ribosome's innermost workings is important for a scientific understanding of life. This knowledge can be put to a practical and immediate use; many of today's antibiotics cure various diseases by blocking the function of bacterial ribosomes. Without functional ribosomes, bacteria cannot survive. This is why ribosomes are such an important target for new antibiotics.



This year's three Laureates have all generated 3D models that show how different antibiotics bind to the ribosome. These models are now used by scientists in order to develop new antibiotics, directly assisting the saving of lives and decreasing humanity's suffering.







--------------------------------------------------------------------------------





Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, US citizen. Born in 1952 in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Ph.D. in Physics in 1976 from Ohio University, USA. Senior Scientist and Group Leader at Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.

www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/ribo/homepage/ramak/index.html



Thomas A. Steitz, US citizen. Born in 1940 in Milwaukee, WI, USA. Ph.D. in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry in 1966 from Harvard University, MA, USA. Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, both at Yale University, CT, USA.

www.mbb.yale.edu/faculty/pages/steitzt.html



Ada E. Yonath, Israeli citizen. Born in 1939 in Jerusalem, Israel. Ph.D. in X-ray Crystallography in 1968 from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professor of Structural Biology and Director of Helen & Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure & Assembly, both at Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

www.weizmann.ac.il/sb/faculty_pages/Yonath/home.html



The Prize amount: SEK 10 million to be shared equally between the Laureates

Contacts: Erik Huss, Press Officer, phone +46 8 673 95 44, +46 70 673 96 50, erik.huss@kva.se

Fredrik All, Editor, Phone +46 8 673 95 63, +46 70 673 95 63, fredrik.all@kva.se



The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, founded in 1739, is an independent organization whose overall objective is to promote the sciences and strengthen their influence in society. The Academy takes special responsibility for the natural sciences and mathematics, but endeavours to promote the exchange of ideas between various disciplines.







TO CITE THIS PAGE:

MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 - Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 13 Sep 2010 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/press.htmlRELATED DOCUMENTS:

ARTICLE

CHEMISTRYThe Nobel Prize in ChemistryRead more about the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the development of modern chemistry.



RECOMMENDED:

VIDEO PLAYERLITERATURENobel Lecture by Harold PinterHarold Pinter's Nobel Lecture was pre-recorded, and shown on video on 7 December

2)
The History of the Automobile




Early Steam Powered Cars



Old Engraving depicting the 1771 crash of Nicolas Joseph Cugnot's steam-powered car into a stone wall.



More of This Feature

• Part I:Steam Cars

• Part 2: Electric Cars

• Part 3:The First Gas-Powered Cars

• Part 4:The Assembly Line







Related Resources

• More Car History

• Car Model History

• Car Parts History

• History of Steam Engines

• Railroads

• Car Invention Trivia









By Mary Bellis

The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide. It is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile. However, we can point to the many firsts that occurred along the way. Starting with the first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that had been drawn up by both Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton.



In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725 - 1804). Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle, built under his instructions at the Paris Arsenal by mechanic Brezin. It was used by the French Army to haul artillery at a whopping speed of 2 1/2 mph on only three wheels. The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam power. The steam engine and boiler were separate from the rest of the vehicle and placed in the front (see engraving above). The following year (1770), Cugnot built a steam-powered tricycle that carried four passengers.





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In 1771, Cugnot drove one of his road vehicles into a stone wall, making Cugnot the first person to get into a motor vehicle accident. This was the beginning of bad luck for the inventor. After one of Cugnot's patrons died and the other was exiled, the money for Cugnot's road vehicle experiments ended.



Steam engines powered cars by burning fuel that heated water in a boiler, creating steam that expanded and pushed pistons that turned the crankshaft, which then turned the wheels. During the early history of self-propelled vehicles - both road and railroad vehicles were being developed with steam engines. (Cugnot also designed two steam locomotives with engines that never worked well.) Steam engines added so much weight to a vehicle that they proved a poor design for road vehicles; however, steam engines were very successfully used in locomotives. Historians, who accept that early steam-powered road vehicles were automobiles, feel that Nicolas Cugnot was the inventor of the first automobile.



After Cugnot Several Other Inventors Designed Steam-Powered Road Vehicles



•Cugnot's vehicle was improved by Frenchman, Onesiphore Pecqueur, who also invented the first differential gear.

•In 1789, the first U.S. patent for a steam-powered land vehicle was granted to Oliver Evans.

•In 1801, Richard Trevithick built a road carriage powered by steam - the first in Great Britain.

•In Britain, from 1820 to 1840, steam-powered stagecoaches were in regular service. These were later banned from public roads and Britain's railroad system developed as a result.

•Steam-driven road tractors (built by Charles Deitz) pulled passenger carriages around Paris and Bordeaux up to 1850.

•In the United States, numerous steam coaches were built from 1860 to 1880. Inventors included: Harrison Dyer, Joseph Dixon, Rufus Porter, and William T. James.

•Amedee Bollee Sr. built advanced steam cars from 1873 to 1883. The "La Mancelle" built in 1878, had a front-mounted engine, shaft drive to the differential, chain drive to the rear wheels, steering wheel on a vertical shaft and driver's seat behind the engine. The boiler was carried behind the passenger compartment.

•In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case Company built a working steam car that won a 200-mile race.

Early Electric Cars

Steam engines were not the only engines used in early automobiles. Vehicles with electrical engines were also invented. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first electric carriage. Electric cars used rechargeable batteries that powered a small electric motor. The vehicles were heavy, slow, expensive, and needed to stop for recharging frequently. Both steam and electric road vehicles were abandoned in favor of gas-powered vehicles. Electricity found greater success in tramways and streetcars, where a constant supply of electricity was possible.



The History of Electric Vehicles

Learn more about the history of electrical vehicles from 1890 to the present.



However, around 1900, electric land vehicles in America outsold all other types of cars. Then in the several years following 1900, sales of electric vehicles took a nosedive as a new type of vehicle came to dominate the consumer market.



Next page > The First Gas Powered Cars







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all artwork mary bellis (original photo source LOC)





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•Driver Education - DMV - Key Vocabulary - Important Verbs

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3)A book is a a written or printed work of fiction or nonfiction, usually on sheets of paper fastened or bound together within covers.A reference collection is a collection of objects maintained for the purpose of study and authentication. Reference collections are generally large undertakings maintained by institutions; instead of having a single representative of each object, they will typically have multiples, so as to illustrate variations and, sometimes, provide samples for comparisons. For human-created objects such as postage stamps or coins, a good reference collection will also include an assortment of (carefully labelled) fakes and forgeries.




Since the purpose is study rather than personal gratification or display, a reference collection values damaged objects as much as the pristine; in fact, organizations maintaining reference collections will encourage members to donate their damaged or poor-condition items to the collection.



In biology, reference collections, such as herbaria are an important sort of information about variations of populations within a species. They are also the repository of holotypes used as the official definition of species.



In philately, reference collections are critical to expertization, since the characteristics differentiating authentic stamps from reprints, fakes, and forgeries are often too subtle to be described verbally.


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4)This is the "Directories" page of the "Colleges, Universities, Financial Aid, & Grants" guide.


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In the Reference Collection

This set includes volumes pertaining to graduate programs in the humanities, arts, & social sciences; business, education, health, information studies, law & social work; engineering & applied sciences; physical sciences & agricultural sciences; and biological sciences.



Peterson's Graduate and Professional Programs

Call Number: ULIB Ready Reference L 901 P46



How to Write a Winning Personal Statement for Graduate and Professional School

Call Number: ULIB REF LB 2351.52 U6 S74

ISBN/ISSN: 1560798556



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Directories

Brain Track College & University Directory

College Navigator

College View

CollegeNet College Search

GradSchools.com

Index of American Universities

Peterson's Planner

Testing & Education Reference Center

U.S. Two-Year Colleges

GetEducated.com

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sources of knowledge

Exercise 3
1. Why the library is important for the learning process?
- Because library it's have many book for us to get the information.
-to improve the knowledge and skill to helo when you study.

2. My eperience in using a library
- I have experiences using library. I have been there to find the book to do my report. The first time I have to ask the librarian to help me find the book. They told me to sign in the computer and type the title, name of the book in e-library after that I get information from computer e-library about where I can find the book. They show the location, what this books living in ibrary .

3. Search 5 book,5 journal,5 online databases
- 5) Books
1. mobile internet by sarawut call# Tk5105.55ส355ป 2544
2. Internet explorer chat and Icq by panjan call# Tk5105.875.157พ5530
3. Internet explorer 5 by kronrapat call# Tk5105.875ก169ท2542
4. Front page 2000 by sadja call# Tk5105.8885ป342ค2544
5. Internet cafe by danupol call# Tk 5105.875ด 124ค 2543

Information skills

In order for today's students to function in the 21st century, they must be able to acquire, evaluate, and use information effectively. Today's students must become information literate workers, teachers, facilitators and coaches. Information Literacy Skills emphasize the problem solving, critical and creative thinking, decision making, and cooperative learning that prepare students for the challenges in society. The new curriculum is more than lessons to be taught at a fixed time. It offers the wider window of opportunity to connect learning with meaningful experiences. In collaboration with all classroom teachers, the library media specialist focuses on student involvement, activity and action. Through the integration of process and content, today's learners will be better educated to live in a democratic socie                              
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value of information

Value of information (VOI or VoI) is the amount a decision maker would be willing to pay for information prior to making a decision.




Contents [hide]

1 Similar terms

2 Definitions

2.1 Simple

2.2 Formal

2.2.1 Standard

2.2.2 Generalized

3 Characteristics

4 Computation

5 Notes

6 Bibliography

7 See also





[edit] Similar terms

VoI is sometimes distinguished into value of perfect information, also called value of clairvoyance (VoC), and value of imperfect information. They are closely related to the widely known expected value of perfect information and expected value of sample information. Note that VoI is not necessarily equal to "value of decision situation with perfect information" - "value of current decision situation" as commonly understood.



[edit] Definitions

[edit] Simple

A simple example best illustrates the concept. Consider a decision situation with one decision, for example deciding on a 'Vacation Activity'; and one uncertainty, for example what will the 'Weather Condition' be? But we will only know the 'Weather Condition' after we have decided and begun the 'Vacation Activity'.



The Value of perfect information on Weather Condition captures the value of being able to know Weather Condition even before making the Vacation Activity decision. It is quantified as the highest price the decision-maker is willing to pay for being able to know Weather Condition before making the Vacation Activity decision.

The Value of imperfect information on Weather Condition, however, captures the value of being able to know the outcome of another related uncertainty, e.g., Weather Forecast, instead of Weather Condition itself before making Vacation Activity decision. It is quantified as the highest price the decision-maker is willing to pay for being able to know Weather Forecast before making Vacation Activity decision. Note that it is essentially the value of perfect information on Weather Forecast.

[edit] Formal

The above definition illustrates that the value of imperfect information of any uncertainty can always be framed as the value of perfect information, i.e., VoC, of another uncertainty, hence only the term VoC will be used onwards.



[edit] Standard

Consider a general decision situation having n decisions (d1, d2, d3, ..., dn) and m uncertainties (u1, u2, u3, ..., um). Rationality assumption in standard individual decision-making philosophy states that what is made or known are not forgotten, i.e., decision-maker has perfect recall. This assumption translates into the existence of a linear ordering of these decisions and uncertainties such that;



di is made prior to making dj if and only if di comes before dj in the ordering

di is made prior to knowing uj if and only if di comes before uj in the ordering

di is made after knowing uj if and only if di comes after uj in the ordering

Consider the case where the decision-maker is enabled to know the outcome of some additional uncertainties earlier in his/her decision situation, i.e., some ui are moved to appear earlier in the ordering. In such case, VoC is quantified as the highest price which the decision-maker is willing to pay for all those moves.



[edit] Generalized

The standard definition is further generalized in team decision analysis framework where there is typically incomplete sharing of information among team members under the same decision situation. In such case, what is made or known might not be known in later decisions belonging to different team members, i.e., there might not exist linear ordering of decisions and uncertainties satisfying perfect recall assumption. VoC thus captures the value of being able to know "not only additional uncertainties but also additional decisions already made by other team members" before making some other decisions in the team decision situation.



[edit] Characteristics

There are two extremely important characteristics of VoI that always hold for any decision situation;



Value of information can never be less than zero since the decision-maker can always ignore the additional information and makes decision as if such information is not available.

No other information gathering/sharing activities can be more valuable than that quantified by value of clairvoyance.

[edit] Computation

VoC is derived strictly following its definition as the monetary amount that is big enough to just offset additional benefit of getting more information. In other words; VoC is calculated iteratively until;



"value of decision situation with perfect information while paying VoC" = "value of current decision situation".

A special case is when the decision-maker is risk neutral where VoC can be simply computed as;



VoC = "value of decision situation with perfect information" - "value of current decision situation"

This special case is how expected value of perfect information and expected value of sample information are calculated where risk neutrality is implicitly assumed. For cases where decision-maker is risk averse or risk seeking, this simple calculation does not necessary yield correct result, and iterative calculation is the only way to ensure correctness.



Decision tree and influence diagram are most commonly used in representing and solving decision situation as well as associated VoC calculation. Influence diagram, in particular, is structured to accommodate team decision situation where incomplete sharing of information among team members can be represented and solved very efficiently. While decision tree is not designed to accommodate team decision situation, it can do so by augmenting it with information set widely used in game tree.



[edit] Notes

Special care is needed when the choice being made for a decision can influence how an uncertainty resolves in the future. Having a perfect or imperfect information on such uncertainty implies that the choice to be made can be inferred prior to making such choice. This circular logic is against free will principle and thus extra works are needed to represent and solve for VoI properly.



[edit] Bibliography

Detwarasiti, A. (2005). Team decision analysis and influence diagrams. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University.

Howard, R.A. (1966). Information value theory. IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics (SSC-2), 22-26.

Howard, R.A. and J.E. Matheson, "Influence diagram" (1981), in Readings on the Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis, eds. R.A. Howard and J.E. Matheson, Vol. II (1984), Menlo Park CA: Strategic Decisions Group.

Kuhn, H.W. (1953). Extensive games and the problem of information. Contributions to the Theory of Games II, eds. H.W. Kuhn and A.W. Tucker, 193-216.

Stratonovich, R. L. (1965). On value of information. Izvestiya of USSR Academy of Sciences, Technical Cybernetics 5, 3–12. In Russian.

[edit] See also

Decision analysis

Decision tree

Expected value of perfect information

Expected value of sample information

Influence diagram

Value of control

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